Prior to the post-prohibition, National Firearms Act of 1934 Americans could simply go to a hardware store and buy military surplus Browning automatic rifles, Thompson submachine gun, sound suppressors, and even hand grenades. This became the most serious infringement on the right to keep and bear arms.
In 1939, the Supreme Court ruled on The National Firearms Act inUnited States v. Miller, a case that helped justify decades of federal gun control. But here’s what most people don’t know: it was a broken case from the start—no defense, bad facts, and judges with no military education or experience ruling on military weapons.
The result? A misinterpretation of the Second Amendment that still echoes today.
The Setup: A Shotgun, a Tax, and a New Law
Jack Miller and Frank Layton were busted for taking a sawed-off shotgun across state lines without registering it or paying the punitive tax required by the National Firearms Act of 1934 (NFA).
The NFA didn’t ban weapons outright. It used taxes and infringements to control them—targeting short-barreled rifles and shotguns, machine guns, and suppressors. Miller and Layton were charged, but the federal court in Arkansas dismissed the indictment, calling the law unconstitutional under the Second Amendment.
The government appealed to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court: One Side Shows Up
By the time the case reached Washington, Miller had been murdered. Layton had taken a plea. Their lawyer? Nowhere to be found. No defense brief. No oral arguments. No one to speak for the accused.
That left the Supreme Court hearing only the government’s side.
The Ruling: No Evidence, No Protection
The Court ruled against Miller. Their logic?
“In the absence of any evidence that a sawed-off shotgun has militia use, it’s not protected by the Second Amendment.”
They decided that only weapons with a clear military purpose are protected. And since no one provided evidence that a sawed-off shotgun met that test, the Court let the law stand.
The Problem: They Were Flat-Out Wrong
Here’s the thing: sawed-off shotguns were absolutely used by the military. In World War I, U.S. troops carried 12-gauge trench guns in brutal close-quarters trench combat. These shotguns were so effective, Germany protested their use.
But the justices didn’t know that—because no one told them. The defense wasn’t there. And the justices? Not one of them had military experience. They ruled on a weapon they didn’t understand, using a standard they made up on the spot.
From Right to Regulated Privilege
Miller opened the door for the federal government to treat gun ownership as a regulated privilege, not a right. If a court doesn’t see militia value in a weapon, it can be taxed, restricted, or banned.
This flipped the Second Amendment on its head. The burden shifted to citizens to prove they deserve a right the Constitution already guarantees.
The Fallout: One Case, 80 Years of Confusion
For decades, Miller was the go-to precedent for gun control. Its militia-based logic let lawmakers justify bans and restrictions with minimal constitutional friction.
It wasn’t until District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) and NY State Rifle & Pistol Assoc. v. Bruen (2022) that the Supreme Court corrected course—affirming that the Second Amendment protects an individual right, not just collective militia service.
Still, Miller hasn’t been overturned. And its ghost lives on in debates over AR-15s, suppressors, and short-barreled rifles.
Bottom Line
United States v. Miller was decided:
- Without a defense
- With zero understanding of the weapon in question
- By justices who had never served or studied military weapons
And yet, it reshaped how America views the Second Amendment for nearly a century. It remains a warning: a constitutional right is only as strong as the court that interprets it.
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